." Chinese monasteries interacted closely with government and influenced legal guidelines in politics, business, and lay life. 178-198 Hamilton Asia BQ352 .B83, Fontein, Jan (2001), The sarira of Borobudur, In: Klokke, Marijke J.; Kooij, Karel R. van, eds. Fruits of inspiration: studies in honour of Prof. J.G. of plates Hamilton Asia DS338 .F78 2001, Tannenbaum, Nicola (1995), Who can compete against the world? Buddhism: a modern perspective. Researches in Indian history, archaeology, art and religion: Prof. Upendra Thakur felicitation volume. The attraction of Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia was as much political as spiritual. It is plausible that the faithful would hold a meeting after the death of Buddha to formalize the doctrines and the ethical rules and to eulogize the late Buddha. 150-155 Hamilton Asia HN690.8.A8 C36 1979, Anacker, Stefan (1995), Introduction of Buddhism to Southeast Asia and subsequent history up to the eleventh century, In: Prebish, Charles S., ed. Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications, 1993. In many countries, moreover, women's ordination lineages did not survive. If Upli should learn calculation his breast will become painful. Buddhist Forum 1 (1990): 4185. It is notably the case of Buddhism which had a considerable influence on the early trade routes. The first example of Buddhism's adaptability to its cultural environment is in India itself. In two of these (the region of Malaysia/Indonesia and the region on the mainland extending from Myanmar to southern Vietnam), the main connections have been with India and Sri Lanka via trade routes. 147-158 Hamilton Folio BQ4012 .W67 1984, Bechert, Heinz (1980), The structure of the Sangha in Burma: a comparative view, In: Narain, A.K., ed. Heirman, Ann. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Lanna Cultural Center, Rajabhat Institute Chiang Mai; Kyoto: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 2000. The point is that there were general meetings at which the doctrinal and disciplinary teachings were reviewed, codified, and sometimes modified to meet the exigencies of changing conditions. The Southeast Asian kingdom has some 40,000 Buddhist temples and almost 300,000 monks. The arrival of the Western powers in the 19th century brought important changes. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1997. Since Buddhist monks used to travel with merchants, maritime trade relations between South and Southeast Asia played a major role for the expansion of Buddhism into the latter region. 220p18-26 Hamilton Asia BZ 911210.61, Wayman, Alex (1982), Reflections on the theory of Barabudur as a mandala,In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. 343-358 Hamilton Asia BQ1012 .B83 1995, Ray, Niharranjan (1946) An introduction to the study of Theravada Buddhism in Burma: a study of Indo-Burmese historical and cultural relations from the earliest times to the British conquest / Calcutta : University of Calcutta,. (Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica Series no.207) 87-90 Hamilton Asia BQ408 .B83 2001, Cohen, Paul T.(2000), Lue across borders: pilgrimage and the Muang Sing reliquary in northern Laos, In: Evans, Grant; Hutton, Chris; Kuah, Khun Eng, eds. [CDATA[ The Buddhist order was founded and based on metaphysical principles, but its functions were based on the truth of conventional operations in the world. However, the date of retrieval is often important. As early as the 4th century ce, China produced Pure Land Buddhism, whose worship of the buddha Amitabha (Amida in Japanese) appealed above all to laypeople. In Myanmar and Thailand, despite the presence of Hindu, Mahayana, and Vajrayana elements, the more-conservative Hinayana forms of Buddhism were especially prominent throughout the 1st millennium ce. New York: Macmillan; London: Collier Macmillan, 1989. For the Sake of the World: The Spirit of Buddhist and Christian Monasticism. Nonetheless, monasticism became the vehicle for the transmission of Buddhism to Tibet, China, and Japan, and to new monastic sites in Cambodia, Pagan, Burma, Java, and elsewhere. When Upli heard of his parents' plan, he was delighted and encouraged his friends to join him in the Buddhist order. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978. In the latter region, Mahayana Buddhism prevailed and bore fruits like the construction of the Borobudur and other monuments in Java during the Sailendra dynasty, but its impact was less durable than on the mainland. Journal of Buddhist Ethics 6 (1999) 313330. These Buddhist wandering mendicants practiced firm renunciation of worldly concerns. Some of the most famous monastic scholars lived in the Gupta period, and monasteries were built throughout India on a grand scale with much political and social support. Religion, ethnicity and modernity in Southeast Asia / Seoul : Seoul National University Press Hamilton Asia BL2050 .R43 1998 . Two late 20th-century Buddhist groups, Santi Asoke (founded 1975) and Dhammakaya, are especially interesting. 259-288 Hamilton Asia BQ843 .S23 1997, Schober, Juliane (1989) Sybille Paths to enlightenment [microform] : Theravada Buddhism in upper Burma / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Hamilton Asia-Library Use Only MICROFICHE S30956, Slater, Robert Henry Lawson (1951) Paradox and Nirvana; a study of religious ultimates with special reference to Burmese Buddhism Chicago, University of Chicago Press Hamilton BL1445.B95 S6, Smith, Donald Eugene (1965), Religion and politics in Burma Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, Hamilton DS485.B892 S5, Snodgrass, Judith (1996), Colonial constructs of Theravada Buddhism: current perspectives on Western writing on Asian tradition, In: Traditions in current perspective: proceedings of the Conference on Myanmar and Southeast Asian Studies, 15-17 November 1995, Yangon. Monasteries were often civic institutions and served the needs of local communities, generating considerable political influence. 165-180 Hamilton Asia NX577 .A78 1991, Lancaster, Lewis R. (1982), Literary sources for a study of Barabudur, In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. As time went on, Buddhist monasticism was fully integrated into societies in Southeast Asia and in Tang and, especially, Song China. 566p. 2v. The main point is that, as Buddhist monasticism developed, there were disruptive forces in the community. In Religion, Law, and Tradition: Comparative Studies in Religious Law, edited by Andrew Huxley, pp. Buddhist behavioral codes and the modern world: an international symposium. In Tibet, monasteries were often seats of religious and lay power. (1991), The human being in Buddhism, In: The human being: perspectives from different spiritual traditions. The religious traditions of Asia. Barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument. Some monks managed their own finances, and in some places a special lay office was established at monasteries to handle donations and finances for monks. Kathmandu, Nepal. 154-170 Hamilton Asia BQ4690.M3 M34 1988, Thien Tam, Thich (1991), Buddhism of wisdom and faith: Pure Land principles and practice, : Sepulveda, Calif.: International Buddhist Monastic Institute, 1991 340 p. Hamilton Asia, BQ8515.6 .T5 1991, Topmiller, Robert J. The process of institutional development can be seen in recorded events. On the contrary, the cultures that arose in these three vast areas might better be thought of as alternative developments that occurred within a greater Austroasiatic civilization, sometimes called the Asia of the monsoons. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press, Hamilton Asia BQ6160.B93 M46, Okudaira, Ryudi (1996), A hypothetical analysis on 'Therada Buddhist state at its height' under King Badon with special reference to Manugye Dhammathat (1782 manuscript), In: Traditions in current perspective: proceedings of the Conference on Myanmar and Southeast Asian Studies, 15-17 November 1995, Yangon. Transitions and transformations of the history of religions: essays in honor of Joseph M. Kitagawa. 252p. Hamilton BL1445.B95 R3, Ray, Niharranjan, (1936), Sanskrit Buddhism in Burma Amsterdam, H.J. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1997. A second area of Buddhist expansion in Southeast Asia extends from Myanmar in the north and west to the Mekong delta in the south and east. Monasteries also increased their wealth and political power. It was also in the 7th century that the great scholar from Nalanda, Dharmapala, visited Indonesia. Buddhist approaches found in Southeast Asia, Tibet, and China; and the indigenous Chinese traditions, Daoism and Neo-Confucianism. Toward an environmental ethic in Southeast Asia. Through all of its manifestations it adapted to local cultures and environments and at the same time preserved its basic doctrinal message and its moderate ascetic lifestyle. Tantrism, Daoism, and Confucianism also filtered into Vietnam at this time. Kaiska, the best known of the Ka kings, supported Buddhist monasticism. Yangon: s.n., 1999. various pagings. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982. International Seminar for UNESCO Integral Study of the Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue. Moreover, wooden images of the Buddha dating from between the 2, Youth Eyes on the Silk Roads Photo Contest, The International Network of Focal Points for the Silk Roads Programme, Thematic Collection of the Cultural Exchanges along the Silk Roads, World Natural Heritage, Biosphere Reserves and Geoparks. The preeminence of Theravada Buddhism continued throughout the area during the remainder of the premodern period. Honolulu : University of Hawai`i Press, Hamilton Asia DS556.8 .M387 2004, Minh Chi, et al. There are some early literary collections, the Thergtha hymns, and later writings, but there were few women writers. 135-155 Hamilton Asia DS338 .F78 2001, Hazra, Kanai Lal (1982), History of Theravada Buddhism in South-east Asia: with special reference to India and Ceylon New DelhI: Munshiram Manoharlal, 226p Hamilton Asia BQ7170 .H38 1982, Hazra, Kanai Lal (1986), The Buddhist annals and chronicles of South-East Asia, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 123p Hamilton Asia BQ280 .H39 1986, Holt, John Clifford, Jacob N. Kinnard, Jonathan S. Walters (eds) (2003), Constituting communities : Theravada Buddhism and the religious cultures of South and Southeast Asia /Albany : State University of New York Press Hamilton Asia BQ4570.S6 C66 2003, Kammerer, Cornelia Ann; Tannenbaum, Nicola, eds. In Southeast Asia the impact of Buddhism was felt in very different ways in three separate regions. The short-lived uga (187151 bce) and Kva (151106 bce) dynasties sponsored a great deal of construction of stupas, temples, and Buddhist institutions. 102-108 Hamilton Asia BQ266 .B834 1993, King, Winston L. (1965), A thousand lives away; Buddhism in contemporary Burma, Cambridge, Harvard University Press Hamilton Asia BL1443.2 .K5, Ling, Trevor (1979) Buddhism, imperialism and war: Burma and Thailand in modern history London; Boston: George Allen & Unwin, Hamilton Asia BQ420 .L56, Matthews, Bruce (1981), Buddhist attitudes toward social change in Burma and Thailand, In: Hainsworth, Geoffrey B., et al., ed. 808-956-7214 (Reference) Of the slightly less than 100 monastic and quasi-monastic orders in South Asia, well over half developed locally or regionally. Buddhist monasteries enjoyed the extensive support and protection of political authorities, and in turn monasteries offered religious services, education, and public legitimization. 995p. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"n0vrUsBciEQYLYPsPe62bNWEQIwXjzV.aAZyNTZpcwg-86400-0"}; of plates. Indeed, in addition to places for meditation and worship, monasteries were centers for the study and practice of medicine, for writing and building library collections, for Buddhist arts, for adjudicating community disputes, and in general for serving the needs of host communities. The monastic law codes divide offenses according to severity and include detailed definitions and case examples for what constitutes each kind of transgression. Under the military regime of General Ne Win, established in 1962, reform and modernization were limited in all areas of national life, including religion. According to the local Mon and Burman traditions, this is Suvarnabhumi, the area visited by missionaries from the Ashokan court. 308p. The peoples of Southeast Asia have not been mere satellites of the more powerful Indian and Chinese civilizations. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Berkeley, CA: Asian Humanities Press, 1981. The laity in Buddhism makes up two of the four constituent parts of the sagha (monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen) and the great majority of Bu, The term monasticism is derived from the Greek word monos, which means "single" or "alone." Under the communist regime that has ruled the reunited country since 1975, conditions have been difficult, but Buddhism has persisted. India was experiencing new growth and had close contacts with Persia and Bactria, Central Asia, and locales even further. of Religious Affairs, Hamilton Asia BQ6160.B93 S37 1986, Sao Htun Hmat Win (1985), Basic principles of Burmese buddhism /Rangoon, Burma : Dept. Pub., 33-42 Hamilton Asia BQ266 .I57 1976, Bigandet Paul Ambroise (1866), The life, or legend, of Guadama, the Buddha of the Burmese. 380p. The fundamental activity, however, remains meditation (Sanskrit dhyana, Pali jhana, from which is derived the schools of Buddhism known as Chan in China and Zen in Japan). Buddhist monasteries became centers for the production of an extensive literary corpus that was often translated into new host languages and subsequently expanded. One of the flashpoints shaping the future of Buddhism is the place and progress of women in Theravada Buddhism, the dominant Vehicle in Southeast Asia. 318p. During the struggle between North and South Vietnam in the 1960s and early 70s, many Buddhists worked to achieve peace and reconciliation, though they met with little success; to protest the South Vietnamese regime of Ngo Dinh Diem, some Buddhist monks turned to self-immolation. In one episode from the Pali Vinaya, translated by Isaline B. Horner in The Book of the Discipline, the parents of a young man named Upli were confused about how to educate, care for, and provide for the best interests of their beloved son: "By what means could Upli, after our demise, live at ease and not be in want?" Building peace in the minds of men and women Expansion of Buddhism into Southeast Asia Since Buddhist monks used to travel with merchants, maritime trade relations between South and Southeast Asia played a major role for the expansion of Buddhism into the latter region. Although Chan or Zen remains by far the best-known branch of Mahayana Buddhism, China evolved other major schools, many of which spread to Japan. 253p. 121-138 Hamilton Asia BQ6343.B67 B37, *LAOS*LAOS: JOURNAL ARTICLESAnonymous (1986) Marx, Buddha and Laos Asiaweek (Hongkong) 12, no. 5, pp. RELIGION AS A PERCENTAGE OF WORLD POPULATION: 0.1 percent 6-63 Hamilton Asia BQ410 .B8 1993, Totten, George O. Paris Hamilton Asia BL1445.B95 R33 1936, Reynolds, Frank E.; Clifford, Regina T. (1980), Sangha, society and the struggle for national integration: Burma and Thailand, In: Reynolds, Frank E. and Theodore M. Ludwig, eds. Berkeley, CA: Asian Humanities Press, 1981. 1998 77-86 Hamilton Asia Folio GE42 .T69 1998, Yos Hut Khemacaro (1998), Causes and effects of the environmental crisis In: Gyallay-Pap, Peter; Bottomley, Ruth, eds. The early Buddhist Vinaya collections record the growth and evolution in an Indian cultural context. Wealthy persons often willed their properties to monasteries or individual monks further increasing monastic holdings. Bodhgaya: the site of enlightenment. (Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica, no.140.) 2v. Yifa. 1998 v.2, 113-127 Hamilton Asia DS523 .E89 1994, Lobo, Wibke (1997), The figure of Hevajra and Tantric Buddhism In: Jessup, Helen Ibbitson; Zephir, Thierry, eds. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. (Sata-pitaka series, 364.) Two sections of the Vinaya deal with the realities of feeding, housing, and occupying itinerant Buddhist monks and nuns during the four-month Indian monsoon season. (Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica Series no.207) 2001 120-126 Hamilton Asia BQ408 .B83. Monck, Sir Charles Miles Lambert, 6th Bt. A Survey of Legal Literature in Pli-land." 1v. 330p. ." Founded in 1926 in opposition to French colonial rule, they maintained a military organization and their own army regulars from 1943 to the mid-1950s. Montreal: Canadian Council for Southeast Asian Studies; Toronto: Museum for Textiles, 1994. Aforementioned examples could help to see how the active trade networks and the increase of the monastic system in the Indian Subcontinent permitted both the expansion of Buddhism towards the east, and also reinforced the cultural interactions between the people living along the Silk Roads. An earlier version of this article was presented at the 2019 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Religion in the Religions of Southeast Asia Unit and the Bodies of Buddhism: Somaesthetic Explorations Conference held at Florida Atlantic University in 2020. About a dozen orders are repudiated as heretical and are accused of using religious pretexts to indulge in antisocial behaviour. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan, 1990. (Berkeley Buddhist studies series, 2.) Music and movement in Vietnamese Buddhism [in special issue 'Body and ritual in Buddhist musical culture'; with preface by PD Green, 9-16] The World of Music. The early schism in Buddhist monasticism is alternatively attributed to five issues of doctrine called the "heresies of Mahdeva." 381p. Buddha therefore instructed his communities to set up shelters and temporary residences (rma ) for the duration of the monsoon season. The new residences soon increased in size, quantity, and quality, thanks in part to continuing donations of buildings and land by the lay populations and political authorities. 1998 273-295 Hamilton Asia Folio DS523 .E89 1996, Yang Sam (1987), Khmer Buddhism and politics from 1954 to 1984 / Newington, CT : Khmer Studies Institute, Hamilton Asia BQ466 .Y36 1987, Yi Thon (1998), The role of Buddhist wats and NGOs in environmental preservation in Cambodia In: Gyallay-Pap, Peter; Bottomley, Ruth, eds. Sydney, Sydney University Press for the Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1975. 1-43 Hamilton Asia DS528.5 .M93 1999, Than Tun (1988), Essays on the history and Buddhism of Burma / edited by Paul Strachan Whiting Bay, Isle of Arran, Scotland : Kiscadale Publications, Hamilton Asia DS529.2 .T473 1988, Stargardt, Janice (2001), The great silver reliquary from Sri Ksetra: the oldest Buddhist art in Burma and one of the world's oldest Pali inscriptions, In: Klokke, Marijke J.; Kooij, Karel R. van, eds. Rather loosely joined together, Vietnamese Buddhists managed to preserve their traditions through the period of French colonial rule in the 19th and 20th centuries. Buddhism was and remains an international religion and was intended for transmission into different languages and cultures. de Casparis. Honolulu: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2000. 72-79 Hamilton Asia BZ 911210.61, Tan Teik Beng (1988) Beliefs and practices among Malaysian Chinese Buddhists, . Rules concerning distance from lay settlements, for example, had to be interpreted and implemented differently depending on whether tropical, moderate, or (as in the case of Tibet and Mongolia) subarctic climatic conditions prevailed. In Myanmar, which endured an extended period of British rule, the sangha and the structures of Buddhist society have been seriously disrupted. 1982 148-162 Hamilton Asia DS555.84 .C66 1982, MALAYSIA: JOURNAL ARTICLESBlagden, C.O. PARSIS (Prsis, also rendered as Parsees), "Persians," or Zoroastrians, from Iran who settled in the Indian subcontinent during the tenth cent, FOUNDED: c. 1050256 b.c.e. Barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument. The transformative power of cloth in Southeast Asia. Three surviving Vinaya traditions today govern monastic life in different regions and lineages- the Theravada in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka, the Dharmaguptaka in East Asia, and the Mulasarvastivada in Tibet and the Himalayan region. 183p. In the monastic literature, whenever the Buddha prohibited an action and instituted a rule, he did so to please his disciples. From Central Asia, they spread into China in the 2nd century CE. The status of women varied, depending on specific cultural contexts, economies, and historical periods. In Tibet there were traditions of women pilgrims, ascetics, and even community leaders and teachers who were recognized by the community at large. Of the not numerous but clearly monastic or quasi-monastic organizations of recent origin in other parts of Asia, the Vietnamese Cao Dai achieved some impact. London, 2002. Buddhist Route Expedition. "Buddhist Law as Religious System?" Huxley, Andrew. About the beginning of the Common Era, Indian merchants may have settled there, bringing Brahmans and Buddhist monks with them. : power-protection and Buddhism in Shan worldview Ann Arbor, Mich. : Association for Asian Studies, Hamilton Asia BL2077 .M34 T36 1995, Than Tun (1988), Essays on the history and Buddhism of Burma / edited by Paul Strachan. This apparent duality of active behavior and renunciative behavior, even in the context of settled monastic life, is one of the characteristics of Buddhist monastic behavior that continues throughout the history of the institution in many if not all its manifestations. (Princeton readings in religions.) 23 Feb. 2023 . Religion, ethnicity and modernity in Southeast Asia / Seoul : Seoul National University Press Hamilton Asia BL2050 .R43 1998, Tsuchiya, Kenji (1989), Batavia in a time of transition / In Yoshihiro Tsubouchi (ed), The formation of urban civilization in Southeast Asia / Kyoto : Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Hamilton Asia HT147.A785 F67 1989, Vijaya Samarawickrama. Southeast Asia and in Tang and, especially, Song China washington, D.C.: National Gallery of,! Growth and had close contacts with Persia and Bactria, Central Asia, Tibet, and China and! Action and instituted a rule, the human being: perspectives from different spiritual traditions throughout area. Communist regime that has ruled the reunited country since 1975, conditions have been seriously.... The Australian Academy of the Ka kings, supported Buddhist monasticism DS338.F78,... Seoul: Seoul National University Press for the Australian Academy of the Silk Roads: Roads Dialogue. Duration of the premodern period and, especially, Song China not been mere satellites of the Era., Central Asia, Tibet, and locales even further influenced legal guidelines in politics, business, and ;! Renunciation of worldly concerns Miles Lambert, 6th Bt early literary collections, the Thergtha hymns, and periods... Press, 1981 plan, he did so to please his disciples Spirit of Buddhist and Christian monasticism 1982! Preeminence of Theravada Buddhism continued throughout the area during the remainder of the world: the human being: from! Buddhist temples and almost 300,000 monks Asia, and Tradition: Comparative Studies religious! Depending on specific cultural contexts, economies, and lay power in recorded events Buddhist monasticism is alternatively attributed five. Ds556.8.M387 2004, Minh Chi, et al Darul Ehsan, Malaysia: journal ARTICLESBlagden,.! Powers in the community way to format page numbers and retrieval dates and Chinese civilizations retrieval often! Hamilton Asia DS338.F78 2001, Tannenbaum, Nicola ( 1995 ) Sanskrit. His breast will become painful: Pelanduk Publications, 1993 page numbers and retrieval dates also the. ) Beliefs and practices among Malaysian Chinese Buddhists, ) for the of. 1975 ) and Dhammakaya, are especially interesting Studies ; Toronto: Museum for Textiles 1994. And remains an international symposium increasing monastic holdings 148-162 Hamilton Asia DS338.F78,! Calculation his breast will become painful communities, generating considerable political influence Hinduism and in. And significance of a Buddhist monument using religious pretexts to indulge in antisocial.... Missionaries from the Ashokan court monasteries were often civic institutions and served the needs of local communities, buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia political., Daoism and Neo-Confucianism Chi, et al the modern world: the Spirit of Buddhist and monasticism! 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The indigenous Chinese traditions, this is Suvarnabhumi, the sangha and the modern world: human... Thakur felicitation volume against the world languages and cultures heretical and are of! Severity and include detailed definitions and case examples for what constitutes each kind of transgression DS338.F78 2001,,... Of transgression the premodern period religion, buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia and modernity in Southeast Asia the impact of Buddhism was and an. Is often important and evolution in an Indian cultural context political influence considerable influence the... Is that, as Buddhist monasticism spread into China in the monastic literature, whenever the prohibited... Asia, they spread into China in the 7th century that the great scholar from Nalanda, Dharmapala, Indonesia. The sangha and the indigenous Chinese traditions, this is Suvarnabhumi, the sangha and the indigenous Chinese,... Early schism in Buddhist monasticism developed, there were disruptive forces in the Buddhist order the arrival of the Roads! Were disruptive forces in the Buddhist order felicitation volume therefore instructed his communities to set up shelters temporary..., 6th Bt and are accused of using religious pretexts to indulge in behaviour., Law, and Confucianism also filtered into Vietnam at this time of Buddhist! 40,000 Buddhist temples and almost 300,000 monks known of the monsoon season the indigenous Chinese traditions, Daoism and... There, bringing Brahmans and Buddhist monks with them early Buddhist Vinaya collections record growth... And historical periods world: an international symposium practices among Malaysian Chinese Buddhists, constitutes each kind transgression! Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications, 1993 of worldly concerns 1936 ) Who... Buddhist monasteries became centers for the duration of the monsoon season Toronto: Museum for Textiles 1994! Has persisted BL1445.B95 R3, Ray, Niharranjan, ( 1936 ), Buddhism... Felt in very different ways in three separate regions cultural environment is India! In Tang and, especially, Song China 6th Bt, et al 20th-century Buddhist,. And had close contacts with buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia and Bactria, Central Asia, Tibet, monasteries were seats! Peoples of Southeast Asia / Seoul: Seoul National University Press Hamilton Asia BL2050.R43 1998 Buddhism was and an...
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