(19-20) Samuels miraculous conception and his birth. (1:18). P. Kyle McCarter Jr., I Samuel: A New Translation with Introduction, Notes, and Commentary, Anchor Bible series, ed. 35. Belial.. As with the development of individual characters, so too are human actions carefully crafted in the biblical narrative for ideological purposes. In Poland, birth counts were steady or increasing in the first years of this century, but declined steadily after 2016. Samuels mother Hannah Following Samuels birth, Hannah nurses her baby until she weaned him, even though doing so means that she has to forego the annual pilgrimage to Shiloh and the (implied) customary worthy portion of the offering.40 When Hannah resumes the annual pilgrimage and prepares to lend her firstborn to the Lord, she takes three bullocks, and one ephah of flour, and a bottle of wine as her own alimentary offering, a portion of which would be customarily consumed by the priest and his family.41, Characterization: Husband and Wife. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. WebShe praised God when He answered her prayer and gave her a child. Perhaps embarrassed by his hasty action and complete misjudgment, Eli quickly reverses himself and offers Hannah a blanket blessing, while remaining seemingly unaware of the specific purpose of her supplication.26. Strong, Exhaustive Concordance, 1228. In the majority of offenses, cutting off means a cutting out which leads to banishment or excommunication from the cultic community and the covenant people. TDOT, 7:348. 25. Ancient Eli is almost a tragicomic figure. of Samuel There must have been some reason why Samuel was important enough to be remembered for a major role in the establishment of the monarchy. 1 Samuel 1:19. Collectively, the expressive elements of a text are called literary conventions, in part because they distinguish the writings of a given author, community, time period, or culture, and in part because they express the ways that groups of readers commonly interpret received texts. See Alter, Moses, 77 n.2; 131 nn. But the same phrase also is used to announce prophecy, and vision is a prophetic term: the whole episode concerns the transition from priestly to prophetic authority.64 In short, Alter implies that the man of God acts as an oracle in relation to the priest, since the priest himself has lost the traditional gift of oracle through abuse and neglect. And the Lord called yet again, Samuel. 1. The childhood of Samuel is of great significance as seen when he is So the woman went her way, and did eat, and her countenance was no more sad. The United States of America vividly remembers Samuel Adams as a key member of the Founding Fathers who penned down their signatures to usher in an independent America. What is the thing that the Lord hath said unto thee? And the Lord appeared again in Shiloh, for the Lord revealed himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the Lord. . Samuel, Hebrew Shmuel, (flourished 11th century bc, Israel), religious hero in the history of Israel, represented in the Old Testament in every role of leadership open to a Jewish man of his dayseer, priest, judge, prophet, and military leader. There is none holy as the Lord: for there is none beside thee: neither is there any rock like our God. If one man sin against another, the judge shall judge him: but if a man sin against the Lord, who shall entreat for him? While a literary study of the Bible does not require readers to be proficient in biblical Hebrew or Greek, it does acknowledge that a familiarity with relevant cultural, historical, and linguistic insights is more than useful. In contrast with the introduction, which consists almost entirely of expository narrative, the second segment is filled almost entirely with dialogue.23. They became so angry with Samuel that they threw him out of their city. When he became an adult, Samuel inspired Israel to a great victory over the Philistines at Ebenezer (chapter 7). Meanwhile, the boy Samuel continued to grow, and the LORD was constantly with him. 60. In the second story (chapter 15), Samuel is motivated by the failure of Saul to observe the ethic of the holy war. Crafting this key story in an artful way enriches the reading experience and rewards attentive readers with nuances and levels of insight. As part of her poignant vow, Hannah promises that if the Lord will give her a man child, then she will give him unto the Lord all the days of his life. In both instances, the verb give is translated from the Hebrew nathan. In 1 Samuel 13 alone, the Hebrew conjunction waw, translated and, appears more than 160times.34 The pattern and frequency of use of this conjunction imply that the narrator consciously employs it to integrate a series of increasingly significant, forward-moving events. His personal encounter with the divine allows Samuel to know (yada) God for the first time. The paradigm serves as a frame of reference that allows us to examine each component in the context of the expectations aroused by its parallels in the other stories. 10. The present study emphasizes how the narrator crafts individual characters primarily in terms of their social roles in the story, in particular how they complement and contrast with other, related characters. The Lord maketh poor, and maketh rich: he bringeth low, and lifteth up. Samuel was born in answer to Hannahs prayers. We learn of what God says to him only by what he, in turn, says to Eli. TDOT, 12:5060. And they went unto their own home. Hannah makes a solemn vow to God, and God and Hannah repeatedly and mutually fulfill the terms of their covenant. While Alter focuses on human diversities within a general perspective of divine consistency, I emphasize the texts ideological consistency within the context of seemingly limitless social and political diversity. Sternberg recognizes that biblical narratives are distinguished by the dynamic interplay of competing and complementary perspectives: Insofar as the Bible has a poetics as well as a genesis of composition, it establishes a set of norms by which we not only interpret the action but also evaluate the actors by reference to the narrators perspective as artist. Sternberg, Poetics, 155. See Alter, Art, 8386, for an insightful discussion of this interchange between Hannah and Eli. Samsons story skips 40. Message. Web(1 Samuel 1:24; 1 Samuel 2:18, 19, 21; 1 Samuel 3:1.) WebSamuel was born about 1105BC and was the son of Elkanah and Hannah, from the tribe of Levi. Its content not only indicates the overthrow of the priestly authority of the house of Eli and the implicit move to a different sort of authority to be embodied by the prophet Samuel, but it also adumbrates the rather dour and dire role that Samuel will play as leader, in relation to both Israel and to Saul. Alter, Ancient Israel, 256 nn. And he rose and went to Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou didst call me. It also serves the broader narrative as the renewal of an ancient and sacred covenant with God, with Samuel serving as its object and agent.71 Such a perspective allows readers to see 1 Samuel 13 as an integrated, focused, and crucial contribution to Gods perpetual effort to fulfill sacred promises and renew an enduring relationship with his covenant people. . Elkanah has only two direct speeches in the entire story. 1807 Houston's mother moves the family to eastern Tennessee. While both messengers faithfully deliver their respective messages from the Lord, the man of God accomplishes hismission in total anonymity. The most crucial literary features frequently appear as patterns in the text such as sequences and interruptions, parallels and contrasts, redundancies and gaps, and nuances and connotations of meaning. And he worshipped the Lord there. When Hannah subsequently bears three sons and two daughters, the phrase announcing the births uses the verb paqad, translated visited. This issue carries significant economic, psychological, and social costs for the families affected. While this verb has several different connotations in biblical Hebrew, the most general is, extend the hand in order to place an object at a specific place or to give it over to another person, with or without compensation, as a possession. By contrast, the story includes an extended verbatim recitation of the entire message that the Lord personally entrusts to Samuel, beginning with the authoritative declaration, Behold I will do a thing in Israel (3:1114).62 This scene is structured so that we are witnesses of Samuels encounter with the Lord. (Samuel I, 1) Samsons Life. The institution of kingship comes not from divine revelation but from the request of the elders of Israel, and this request is treated by Samuel as rebellion against Yahweh. Then Samuel answered, Speak; for thy servant heareth. Our differences are complementary, not contrastive in nature. to set them among the princes, and to make them inherit the throne of glory: for the pillars of the earth are the Lords, and he hath set the world upon them. 78. His greatest distinction was his role in the establishment of the monarchy in Israel. On the contrary, Alter reflects on the sophistication of this convention in the Hebrew Bible: Nowhere else in ancient literature have the quirkiness and unpredictability of individual character and the frictions and tensions of family life . Couplets are perhaps the most ubiquitous form of parallelism in the Hebrew Bible, considered to be as distinctive of Hebrew poetry as meter and rhyming are in Western poetic traditions. As a result, identifying the literary conventions of a given text and imagining their interpretive significance enable readers to approximate the intent(s) of its author(s), especially if the conventions can be shown to combine with one another in order to fashion of the text a coherent and meaningful whole.8. Characterization: Husband and Wife. Samuel Adams Life Jan 1, 1736. 15. 2024; 127 n.1; 199200nn; 342 n.14. (2:2736; 3:1118). Also like the first, Elkanahs second speech at once reinforces his traditional familial roles and acknowledges his emotional distance from his wife. The biblical scene . Making sense of the rhetorical, poetic, and structural features of a scriptural text necessitates in-depth and attentive reading, the benefits of which can be enhanced by these additional interpretive skills. The institution of the monarchy and the election of the king occur according to the will of Yahweh as revealed to Samuel. Divine remembrance of the despondent barren woman by virtue of her prayer and vow is a classic example, not only of the Lords power over nature, society, and history, but also of His justice. Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 33. Now Eli was very old, and heard all that his sons did unto all Israel; and how they lay with the women that assembled at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. This ostensibly generous offer from a loving husband introduces other dramatic tensions of the story. The proposal of the elders of Israel to install a king was indignantly rejected by Samuel as infidelity to Yahweh, the God of Israel (chapter 8). On the other hand, the language of the sons introduction bestows no honor or dignity to their priestly office. Samuel Langhorne Clemens was welcomed into the world as the sixth child of John Marshall and Jane Lampton Clemens. The segment opens with a brief narrative of Samuels birth and the continuation of the annual devotional at Ramah, punctuated by Hannahs reflection on the childs naming, which is expressed as direct speech.39 The rest of the segment consists of dialogues between Hannah and Elkanah (1:2223) and between Hannah and Eli (1:2628), with a brief narrative bridge uniting the two scenes (1:2425). For the entirety of his childhood, Bundy was unaware that his sister was actually his mother. Examples of otherwise innocuous individual and social behavior pervade the Samuel story and deepen its spiritual significance. Rather than accepting her husbands invitation that she privilege her spousal role and enjoy its intended personal benefits (the worthy portion), Hannah chooses instead to focus on her maternal role: nurturing Samuel at home while he remains dependent on her for life and sustenance. Nay, my sons; for it is no good report that I hear: ye make the Lords people to transgress. I pray thee hide it not from me: God do so to thee, and more also, if thou hide any thing from me of all the things that he said unto thee. Consider, however, the use of paqad in the promised and miraculous birth of Isaac in Genesis 21:12. The shift implies that Hannahs relationship with Samuel and the Lord has become far more nuanced and meaningful than before. Thus, while his sudden arrival is entirely motivated by events in the narrative, the narrative is silent regarding the messengers relationship with and impact upon Eli. 8. Since biblical narrative characteristically catches its protagonists only at the critical and revealing points in their lives, the biblical type-scene occurs not in the rituals of daily existence, but at the crucial junctures in the lives of the heroes, from conception and birth to betrothal to deathbed. Alter, Art, 51; see also Alter, Moses, 64 n.10; 11819 n.11; 315 n.16. 27. While the appearance of the man of God is motivated by the scathing accounts of gluttony and promiscuity that immediately precede it, the man of God himself shows up spontaneously and unannounced. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. WebWhat was significant about the birth and childhood of Samuel? Had Samuels prophecy simply imitated the prior condemnation, he could be seen as more of a copycat than an authentic prophet.61. JPS Tanakh 1917 By contrast, on the night of Samuels divine call, Eli specifically and emphatically directs the lad on how to respond to the voice of the Lord, thus setting the expectation of a follow-up report to the priest. On the one hand, Phinehas and Hophni are named as priests, in contrast with the next segment of the story, which specifically identifies Eli as the priest at Shiloh (see 1:9). Born into slavery around 1723, Attucks was believed to be the son of Prince Yonger, a enslaved person shipped to America from Africa, and Nancy Attucks, a Natick Indian. He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill. Visibility. continuing to nurture her firstborn throughout his youth, even though she sees him but once a year (2:1819). Although [Hannah] is undoubtedly the heroine of our [birth] narrative, and even though Samuels role in it is secondary and passive, the story ultimately focuses not on her but on him. Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 33. On the progressive contrast of Elis sons with Hannahs firstborn, see McCarter, I Samuel, 7785. Characterization: Priest and Suppliant. To keep readers focused on the storys central purpose, the narrator adds a bit of narrative commentary on Samuels faithful service before and after each vignette (2:11b, 18, 21b, 26). Meanwhile, the boy Samuel continued to grow, and the LORD was constantly with him. McCarter observes, In certain cases it is clear that the raised horn refers specifically to progeny, hence the possible allusion to Hannah and her firstborn.48. Characterization: Prophet of God. 23. and did I give unto the house of thy father all the offerings made by fire of the children of Israel? After Samuel is born but before he is weaned, Elkanah invites Hannah to accompany him to Shiloh for the annual observance. Alter observes that biblical narrators develop in-depth characterization through the use of a complex array of literary tools: Through the report of actions; through appearance, gestures, posture, costume; through one characters comments on another; through direct speech by the character; through inward speech, either summarized or quoted as interior monologue; or through statements by the narrator about the attitudes and intentions of the personages, which may come as flat assertions or motivated explanations. Alter, Art, 11617. And when she had weaned him, she took him up with her, with three bullocks, and one ephah of flour, and a bottle of wine, and brought him unto the house of the Lord in Shiloh: and the child was young. Subsequent details reveal his diminished capacities and casual attitude, indicating a chronic lack of care for his priestly duties. Risking an overly simplistic introduction of this convention, the present study recognizes two general perspectives in the Hebrew Bible, contrasted by scope. On the one hand, Hannah can neither eat the worthy portion herself (because she is fasting in bitterness of soul, see 1:10) nor share it with her children (of which she has none, which is precisely the cause of her grief and the central spiritual crisis of the story). . Contextual studies focus on the historical accuracy or the doctrinal relevance of the scriptures in an attempt to address the questions, Where did they come from? and What do they mean to me? The present approach does not disparage a contextual approach to the scriptures. Most commentators acknowledge that the account of the birth and calling of Samuel actually ends with the first sentence of the next chapter, And the word of Samuel came to all Israel (4:1a). Willard R. Trask (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953), 323; Robert Alter, The Art of Biblical Narrative (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 322; Meir Sternberg, The Poetics of Biblical Narrative: Ideological Literature and the Drama of Reading (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985), 157; Jason P. Rosenblatt and Joseph C. Sitterson Jr., eds. 49. witnessed the birth of its most famous son. Samuel, whose name means heard of God, was dedicated to God by his mother, Hannah, as part of a vow she made before he was born (1 Samuel 1:11). The biblical preference for direct discourse is so pronounced that thought is almost invariably rendered as actual speech. Alter, Art, 67. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Eli and sons, Hophni and Phinehas, are mentioned in the initial exposition of the story (1:3), signaling that they will play a key but as yet undefined role in the account of Samuels succession.53 As the drama unfolds, the serious abuses of their priestly positiongluttony of the ritual offering and sexual immoralitybecome the efficient cause of the Lords rejection of Elis house. 1. Samuels principal role is to realize his divine destiny for all Israel (3:14:1a). And the man Elkanah, and all his house, went up to offer unto the Lord the yearly sacrifice, and his vow. Hannahs promise to God that there shall no razor come upon [her sons] head draws an explicit parallel with Samson, Israels most noteworthy judge (Judg. Scholars recognize that many scenes in the narrative portions of the Hebrew Bible were likely crafted in part to help readers infer connections with other exemplary biblical characters, settings, or events in order to enhance the significance of the related stories, called type scenes. And she was in bitterness of soul, and prayed unto the Lord, and wept sore. Leitwrter: establish and cut off. This subtle literary convention repeatedly brings attentive readers back to the central focus of the larger narrative. Polzin, Samuel, 19. Samuel, the son of Elkanah (of Ephraim) and Hannah, was born in answer to the prayer of his previously childless mother. He then faded into the background, appearing at the sanctuary of Naioth (chapter 19). Yet, his roles as prophet, seer, and judge are all incredible in certain respects, apart from the . 14. 993 BC. I pray thee, hide it not from me: God do so to thee, and more also, if thou hide any thing from me of all the things he said unto thee. But Samuel ministered before the Lord, being a child, girded with a linen ephod. Author of. She neither retreats from nor attempts to renegotiate the terms of her sacred vow. One of many studies of this genre in the Hebrew Bible is Steven Weitzman, Song and Story in Biblical Narrative: The History of a Literary Convention in Ancient Israel (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997); see also Alter, Moses, 397 n.1. And Eli blessed Elkanah and his wife, and said, The Lord give thee seed of this woman for the loan which is lent to the Lord. The story of Samuels birth and calling is one of many contributions to this core ideological focus of the Hebrew Bible. 1316, especially 13:5; 16:1620). The story of Samuels life begins with the very touching scene of Hannah, a wife of Elkanah, praying to God at the tabernacle in Shiloh. For example, Exodus 34; Isaiah 6; Jeremiah 1; Ezekiel 12. And Samuel told him every whit, and hid nothing from him. Possible extrinsic reasons for the placement of Hannahs song within the narrative are found in Weitzman, Song, 11415. 1 and 2 Samuel form one book in the ancient Hebrew manuscripts. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The text expresses the respective dramatic contributions of these two messengers along four dimensions: message, role, impact, and visibility. The first story (1 Samuel 13) describes Samuels action as motivated by Sauls assumption of the prerogatives of the priesthood. Suddenly, a priest Eli came to her doorstep Nevertheless, his casual observance of the priestly office is made apparent by his first appearance in the narrative: Now Eli the priest sat upon a seat by a post of the temple of the Lord.25 Adding to his position of spiritual ambivalence is Elis first specific actiona gross miscalculation of Hannahs spiritual motivationsand his first direct speech, a wildly false assessment of her character. 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