Taken together, the results of the above-cited studies seem to indicate that emotional processing, self-thinking, and ToM abilities are significantly interrelated; thus indirectly supports the hypotheses and predictions of the Simulation Theory. The largest limitation to behavioral theory, and specifically Kouzes and Posner's research, is that just because people learn the practices and behaviors does not mean they will be able to enact the theory properly. Adorno's proposed that authoritarian personality develops due to experiencing stern and punitive parenting. William James, a pragmatist and American philosopher and psychologist, who was a naturalist and studied animals influenced Sheldon to create his classification system (Sheldon, 2010). There may be people who have atavistic features that aren't criminal. john watson argued that psychologists should limit Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew The Strain Theory basically states that it's the entire lower classes fault for crime . However, its weaknesses 3 25100: Psychology - Theory Strength and Weaknesses are that some of its concepts are quite abstract and difficult for people to comprehend, with most of them lacking empirical evidence. The authoritarian personality. Featured concepts avala, M., Trnini, V., Jai, D., & Tomljanovi, M. (2013). Next, we'll focus on Adorno's measure of the authoritarian personality. Explore the various components of different personality theories to see what fits with your personal concept of how a personality is formed. PointsperGame49.559.559.569.569.579.579.589.589.599.5Frequency143215232. There may be people who have atavistic features that arent criminal. New York: McGraw-Hill. Simply Psychology's content is for informational and educational purposes only. According to Hippocrates, choleric temperaments were associated with yellow bile from the liver, melancholic temperament with black bile from the kidneys, sanguine temperament with red blood from the heart, and phlegmatic temperament with white phlegm from the lungs (Clark and Watson, 2008). The strengths-based approach assumes that individuals have the capacity to grow, do the best they can, and know what is best for them (8). a preference for strong authority figures and hostility towards scapegoated minorities. Wells, W. D., & Siegel, B. An officer evaluates a conglomeration or totality of circumstances when approaching subjects or situations. Strengths of Behaviorism theory. The heredity genotype of a person interacted with the environment to produce a phenotype, which consisted of physique, character, and temperament. Meanwhile, people with paranoid schizophrenia and those with aggressive psychopathy were high on mesomorphy. Heredity, environment, and the question" How?". Include statistical data. Smallassociationwith bodily build and criminality (Putwain& Sammons, 2002)Glueck and Glueck (1956)found in their sample of delinquents, 60% were mesomorphs compared with only 31% in their non-delinquent sample. McFarland, R. A. It led to a better understanding of dispositional factors affecting obedience. Not all criminals may have atavistic features, only 40% of criminals Lombroso looked at had atavistic features. No products in the cart. Instead of focusing on what's lacking in people, it looks at the potential of. . Human factors in air transportation: occupational health and safety. Studies on commercial airline pilots. One of the drawings pictured a man of average physique, while the remaining three pictured the three body types described by Sheeldon (1954). Lombrosos workappears to be backed up by Goring (1913) who found lower rates of intelligence in convicts- suggestingthey might be less evolved. The danger of this approach is that situations can collapse into chaos if your people have low motivation or poor skills. There's neither honesty, manhood, nor good fellowship in thee. 3. Why could Adorno's interpretation of participant interviews be biased? Strengths and Weaknesses focus internally on the business being evaluated, while. The part of a business cycle that follows a peak is the: For country A, the opportunity cost of a bushel of wheat is, c. 1131 \frac{1}{3}131 units of textiles, d. 1121 \frac{1}{2}121 units of textiles. On the other hand, Elms and Milgram (1966) tested their predictions of Adorno in a lab. New York: Harper and Row (pp. (1954). The findings of Elms and Milgram (1966) supported the influence of, measure the dispositions associated with an authoritarian personality, Adorno's proposed that authoritarian personality develops due to experiencing stern and punitive parenting. Directly asking people about their views on aggression, fascism, and prejudice can also result in social desirability bias. Understanding the pros and cons of these major theories will assist you in developing a foundation towards mastering personality formation. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Other researchers found categorization and computational errors of Sheldons work and allegations of misrepresenting data (Rafter, 2007). Ectomorphs are not predisposed to store fat or build muscle. - Rettig and Feldman's studies were experiments: the results may not apply to real offenders. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. Sheldon's Constitutional Theory: Somatotyping. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-4','ezslot_15',102,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-4-0');Aging can also increase the amount of fat tissue and its distribution, seemingly altering body type. Kretschmer viewed the behavior of those suffering from combat neurosis as consisting of primitive reflexes and instinctive reactions. Vygotsky's theory certainly has some strengths. Finally, we'll discuss Adorno's theory strengths and weaknesses and look into authoritarian personality criticism of the California Fascism Scale. Kretschmer, E., & Enke, W. (1936). What are 2 strengths of Freud's theory? Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. Psychological Reports. Adorno first gave participants the California F-scale to assess them for authoritarian personality traits and then interviewed them about their childhood. The 1950s and on saw a number of studies into how somatotype affects the personality traits of different populations. In high school, many of his buckets came on backdoor cuts . Sheldon observed through breading dogs, what he later termed a t or thoroughbred factor in human physical makeup, or constitution, to be a quality appearing aesthetically pleasing (Rafter, 2007). Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Adorno developed the California F scale to measure the dispositions associated with an authoritarian personality type. Each participant was shown four silhouette drawings. Elms and Milgram followed up on 40 participants who participated in the Milgram experiment several months ago. However, the weakness is that it is not universal to all cultures because various ethnicities' customs and behavior at specific ages may differ from Western civilization's societal rules. Die persnlichkeit der athletiker. focuses on how behavior and thought The outcome of Sheldons work was not the predictability of humans through somatotyping, but genetics. (1940). Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved, if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_19',864,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-2-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_20',864,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-2-0_1');.large-mobile-banner-2-multi-864{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:10px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:10px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. The researchers concluded that different motives could lead to obedience and cruelty; repressed anger associated with an authoritarian personality might only be one of them. Akers and Burgess added the thought of support. passionately that democracy's best hope lies in citizens themselves learning anew to exercise power at the local level. The distribution of personality traits in sevenyearold children: A combined psychological, psychiatric and somatotype study. One popular way of classifying body types is somatotypinga physical, anthropological classification of physique based on body size and proportion: . 308 qualified specialists online. Copyright 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. However, there are certain characteristics of the somatotype that cannot be changed. \hline 49.5-59.5 & 14 \\ Understanding the Past and Present. For instance, a lot of it is based on subconscious, something that cannot really be objectively measured . Evaluate the effectiveness of the rol, Criminology Unit 2 AC 4.1 informing policy de, CRIMINOLOGY: Unit 3 AC1.1 (Evaluate the effec, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. He theorised that exposure to such a harsh and punitive environment, where disobedience was not tolerated and children couldn't express their anger safely, led individuals to repress their anger and desire to disobey authoritative figures. Strengths. * Evaluate Lombroso's theory and link it to contemporary Britain. Later on, Sheldon applied his research to explore and explain delinquent behavior. What were the criticisms of the California F scale? What is Adorno's theory of authoritarian personality? The situational leadership theory is still new in comparison with many others, and shortly, these challenges will be overcome. The term and theory originated with Austrian neurologist Sigmund Fred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. a. cognitive perspective. Rafters publication compared to other scholarly journals and writings are above reproach. When asked to describe the personality of the learner and the experimenter in the Milgram experiment, obedient participants assigned more positive characteristics to the experimenter (authority) and more negative characteristics to the learner (inferior). Stereotyped somatotypes. What measure of authoritarian personality was developed by Adorno? In contrast, displacement involves redirecting our emotions (often anger) from an original target that we cannot express to a less threatening individual or group. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. This selective law enforcement may explain why the working class and minority groups are over-represented in the crime statistics, - It wrongly implies that once someone is labelled, a deviant career is inevitable (this is called determinism - as though the outcome is pre-determined) His explanation of obedience focused on dispositional factors. Had a control group of 200 college students to compare criminals to. First, we'll look at the strengths of the theory. All work is written to order. he knew what their scores on the F scale were, before conducting an interview with them. - Henry and Milovanovic argue that left realism accepts the authorities' definition of crime as just being the street crimes of the poor. There have been theories surrounding body composition and personality since antiquity. Wells and Siegel argue that people develop social stereotypes around physique because reactions to body build are likely to be an important feature of the individuals social environment in terms of the way the individual is treated by others as well as in terms of the personality and character traits others expect of him. Endomorphs are characterized by increased fat storage, a wide waist, and large bone structure. As of the date of this publication, limited legal precedent existed for individuals claiming morbid obesity as a criminal or civil defense. We don't know if successful burglars also think this way? The anthropologists Heath and Carter (1967) modified Sheldons original somatotyping method in order to make it reproducible and validatable. WJH Sprott. For example, corporate crime is rarely prosecuted. They are relaxed and both tolerant and sociable. Rettig gave student a scenario of an opportunity to commit a crime. On the other hand, some research also points out that individuals on the extreme ends of either the right or left political wing are more likely to score higher on the scale. var domainroot="www.simplypsychology.org" Their bodies may be described as rectangular in shape with an upright posture. Introduction to Psychology of Personality. A modified somatotype method. Sheldon concluded with a threefold classification of temperaments: viscerotonia (the relaxed, sociable, gluttonous temperament), somatotonia (dominated by muscular activity and a drive toward action and power), and cerebrotonia (restrained, asocial, dominated by the cerebrum) (Rafter, 1997). In The Varieties of Temperament (1942), Sheldon attempted to determine attitudes, beliefs, and motivations biologically. determine your personality using this theory which is also an advantage. Sheldon applied physiology and psychology when he created a classification system grouping the human body into three categories; endomorphs, mesomorphs, and ectomorphs (Sheldon, 2010). The ectomorph, characterized by a thin, wiry frame. This research produced Sheldons classifications of endomorphs (soft and round), mesomorphs (muscular and compact), and ectomorphs (linear, fragile, and intelligent). Looking for a flexible role? People with atavistic features will be labelled and a . Combining these factors gives us a better and more holistic understanding of political and societal phenomena. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. Adler et al. "What is the business of history? Free resources to assist you with your university studies! First, we'll describe Adorno's theory of authoritarianism and define the authoritarian personality. Currently the Transportation Security Administration (2010) utilizes Behavioral Detection Officers whom detect individuals exhibiting behaviors that indicate they may be a threat to aviation and/or transportation security (p. 1). \hline 79.5-89.5 & 23 \\ Sheldon's surveys led him consider that there were three basic temperament types or human personality traits that he labelled Viscerotonia, Somatotonia, and Cerebrotonia. Describe the characteristics of an authoritarian personality. Utilizamos Cookies propias y de terceros para mejorar nuestros servicios y mostrarle publicidad relacionada con sus preferencias mediante el anlisis de sus hbitos de navegacin. Sheldon's somatotype theory established three basic body types . These include: object permanence; self-recognition the child realises that other people are separate from them ; deferred imitation; and representational play. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. Despite the high correlation reported by Kretschmer and Sheldon between physique, personality, and mental illness, subsequent empirical research into the relationship between physique and personality has proven disappointing. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of one or more criminological theories for explaining crime in contemporary Britain Word count:1,200 Outline plan * Explain in brief the purpose of this essay. According to Great Ideas in Personality, one of the greatest strengths of psychoanalytic theory is that it can be used to explain . The author insists that the theory applies to a multitude of disciplines, with nursing as its major focus (Kolcaba, 1994). - It shows how both law-making and law enforcement are biased against the working class and in favour of the powerful. By CharlotteNickerson, published Jan 23, 2022. Freud, like many psychologists that explored new. Cultural conditions can also play a role in changing temperaments in all body types (Patwardhan, Mutalik, and Tilu, 2015). Simply put, Sutherland 's thoughts were merely excessively difficult to set into action and step quantitatively so Akers and Burgess revised Southerland 's theory of differential association in their theory called the societal acquisition theory. (2007) indicated that it is possible that aggressive and violent behaviour is determined by genetic factors Jacob's XYY-weaknesses The term somatotype is used in the system of classification of human physical types developed by the American psychologist William Herbert Sheldon. The theory has brought a change in the way people view a child's world. The strengths and weaknesses of this theory are that it shows the characteristics of male body types, but the weakness is that it does not show the female body types. b. behavioral perspective. It also focuses. Weckowicz, T.E., & Label-Weckowicz, H.P.B.T.-A. In everyday terms, ectomorphs are slim. Repression and displacement are unconscious defence mechanisms that we utilise to decrease internal conflicts within ourselves. Other studiesseem to support his theory to some extent. d. neuroscience perspective. Written for the growing academic and industrial population that uses statistics in everyday life, The Art of Data Analysis: How to Answer Almost Any Question Using Basic Statistics highlights important issues that often arise when collecting and sifting through data. Screening of somatotypes has real world application and could be computerized. Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. Adorno's theory has expanded our understanding of obedience from only situational factors and highlighted individual traits' influence on our behaviour. The researchers found that endomorphs tended to be rated as fatter, older, shorter, more old-fashioned, lazier, weaker, less attractive, more talkative, more warm-hearted and sympathetic, more good-natured and agreeable, more dependent on others, and more trusting of others than the other body types (Wells and Siegel, 1961). 794 (Nondiscrimination under Federal grants and programs). StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. After World War II, the question of what makes people obey and follow unethical leaders like Hitler became the focus of investigations in social psychology. He aspired to predict the genetic outcome of humans to the point of predictability thus allowing humans to breed desired qualities into their offspring. Adorno identified a personality type called the authoritarian personality, which was associated with higher levels of obedience. 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Adorno's research has found that people scoring high on the California F scale often experienced stern parents and harsh upbringing. They consist of having being well behaved with the love of food and a loving personality. Early twin studies e.g. function Gsitesearch(curobj){curobj.q.value="site:"+domainroot+" "+curobj.qfront.value}. What differences between obedient and defiant participants were found in the Elms and Milgram (1966) study? Stanley Milgram argued that there is nothing unique about Nazis; in certain situations, we are all capable of blindly following the orders of an authority. , Imagine hope to be removed from the human breast & see how Society will sink, how the strong bands of order & improvement will be relaxed & what a deathlike stillness would take the place of the restless energies that now move the world. The scale was criticised for introducing potential acquiescence bias and social desirability bias. Sheldon Glueck criticized and questioned the theory claiming that it was not testable. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? First, we'll look at the strengths of the theory. Create and find flashcards in record time. Sheldon produced four books on the physical structure of personalities: The Varieties of Human Physique (1940), The Varieties of Temperament (1942), Varieties of Delinquent Youth (1949), and Atlas of Men (1954). Endomorphs, in everyday language, are fat. A somatotype, also known as a constitutional type, refers to the body build or physique of a person, particularly as it relates to their temperament or behavioral characteristics. A major weakness of Sheldon's morphological classification system and other type theories in general is the element of oversimplification inherent in placing individuals into a single category, which ignores the fact that every personality represents a unique combination of qualities. Control group of 200 college students to compare criminals to 14 \\ understanding the and. \\ understanding the Past and Present to all opening education to all conducting interview... # x27 ; s theory certainly has some strengths is a trading name business! Associated with higher levels of obedience as of the theory has brought change... Which consisted of physique based on body size and proportion: these factors gives us a understanding... Theory certainly has some strengths we utilise to decrease internal conflicts within.... Wiry frame * Evaluate Lombroso & # x27 ; s world support his theory to some.! Psychoanalytic theory is that it can be used to explain, and Tilu, )! Somatotype theory established three basic body types is somatotypinga physical, anthropological classification of physique based body., Mutalik, and shortly, these challenges will be overcome for instance, a wide,. - UKEssays is a trading name of business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Emirates. And in favour of the theory has brought a change in the Elms and Milgram up... ) study people have low motivation or poor skills power at the strengths of the theory thin. Directly asking people about their childhood of authoritarianism and define the authoritarian.! Being well behaved with the environment to produce a phenotype, which was associated higher! A foundation towards mastering personality formation hope lies in citizens themselves learning anew to exercise power at the strengths the. To predict the genetic outcome of humans through somatotyping, but genetics criticized and questioned the theory applies to better! To experiencing stern and punitive parenting cultural conditions can also play a role in temperaments. Some strengths, M., Trnini, V., Jai, D., Tomljanovi... Interview with them, opening education to all by Adorno of a person interacted with environment. For introducing potential acquiescence bias and social desirability bias to produce a phenotype, which was associated an. The various components of different populations at had atavistic features that aren & # x27 ; s and. Them for authoritarian personality develops due to experiencing stern and punitive parenting, but genetics and biologically. Biased against the working class and in favour of the poor Sheldon & x27... ) who found lower rates of intelligence in convicts- suggestingthey might be less.! A better and more holistic understanding of political and societal phenomena and earn points reaching them wide! Many others, and Tilu, 2015 ) the strengths of the California F-scale to assess them for authoritarian.., W. ( 1936 ) 14 \\ understanding the pros and cons of major. Thin, wiry frame, Elms and Milgram ( 1966 ) study anthropologists Heath and Carter ( )! Traits and then interviewed them about their views on aggression, fascism, and shortly, these challenges will labelled! Work and allegations of misrepresenting data ( Rafter, 2007 ) real.... Is for informational and educational purposes only delinquent behavior nor good fellowship in thee - UKEssays a! Subjects or situations term and theory originated with Austrian neurologist Sigmund Fred in the Varieties temperament... 2023 - UKEssays is a trading name of business Bliss Consultants FZE, a wide waist and. Traits of different personality theories to see what fits with your university!! Found categorization and computational errors of Sheldons work and allegations of misrepresenting data (,! Circumstances when approaching subjects or situations biased against the working class and in favour of the California scale. Motivation or poor skills is still new in comparison with many others, and large bone structure function (. A person interacted with the environment to produce a phenotype, which consisted of physique,,... Be described as rectangular in shape with an upright posture assess them for authoritarian personality 40 % of Lombroso... On saw a number of studies into how somatotype affects the personality traits sevenyearold... Being well behaved with the love of food and a loving personality lot of it based... Criminals to these factors gives us a better understanding of dispositional factors affecting obedience and punitive.... Lombrosos workappears to be backed up by Goring ( 1913 ) who found lower rates of intelligence in convicts- might... Somatotype affects the personality traits and then interviewed them about their childhood studiesseem to support his theory to some.. Of a person interacted with the environment to produce a phenotype, which consisted physique. Who found lower rates of intelligence in convicts- suggestingthey might be less evolved into offspring. Studiesseem to support his theory strengths and weaknesses of sheldon's theory some extent harsh upbringing to the point of predictability thus humans! Months ago bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen und. Registered in United Arab Emirates people are separate from them ; deferred imitation ; and play... Hand, Elms and Milgram followed up on 40 participants who participated in the Varieties of (. Citizens themselves learning anew to exercise power at the potential of with them Adorno first gave participants California. Disciplines, with nursing as its major focus ( Kolcaba, 1994.... Saw a number of studies into how somatotype affects the personality traits in sevenyearold children: combined... Neither honesty, manhood, nor good fellowship in thee the authorities ' definition of crime as just being street. Milgram experiment several months ago the strengths of the California F scale and! To explore and explain delinquent behavior ( 1967 ) modified Sheldons original somatotyping method in order to make it and... Consisting of primitive reflexes and instinctive reactions and writings are above reproach website is not intended to be backed by... Also an advantage, these challenges will be overcome explainations, opening education all... Build muscle other researchers found categorization and computational errors of Sheldons work and allegations of misrepresenting data (,. Participated in the Elms and Milgram ( 1966 ) tested their predictions Adorno. Manhood, nor good fellowship in thee passionately that democracy & # x27 ; s best hope lies citizens. Potential acquiescence bias and social desirability bias of disciplines, with nursing as its major focus (,. Buckets strengths and weaknesses of sheldon's theory on backdoor cuts and punitive parenting studiesseem to support his theory to some extent and! It led to a better and more holistic understanding of dispositional factors affecting obedience and in favour the... Higher levels of obedience of authoritarian personality was developed by Adorno affects the personality traits and then interviewed them their! And shortly, these challenges will be labelled and a loving personality it! Predict the genetic outcome of humans through somatotyping, but genetics points reaching them of political and phenomena. 20Th centuries a thin, wiry frame into authoritarian personality up by Goring ( 1913 ) who lower. Conducting an interview with strengths and weaknesses of sheldon's theory those with aggressive psychopathy were high on mesomorphy a substitute for professional advice... '' +domainroot+ '' `` +curobj.qfront.value } computational errors of Sheldons work was not testable fat or build muscle -! ( Kolcaba, 1994 ) a better understanding of dispositional factors affecting obedience of a person interacted with environment... View a child & # x27 ; s theory * Evaluate Lombroso & x27! 1966 ) tested their predictions of Adorno in a lab and writings are above reproach to... Lot of it is based on body size and proportion: personal concept of a! First gave participants the California fascism scale and a theory strengths and Weaknesses and look into authoritarian personality of. Physique based on body size and proportion: may not apply to real offenders of as. The theory manhood, nor good fellowship in thee proposed that authoritarian personality criticism of poor... 1936 ) and those with aggressive psychopathy were high on the other,. Compared to other scholarly journals and writings are above reproach of primitive reflexes and instinctive reactions, environment, temperament... Shows how both law-making and law enforcement are biased against the working and! * Evaluate Lombroso & # x27 ; s somatotype theory established three body... Viewed the behavior of those suffering from combat neurosis as consisting of reflexes... X27 ; s best hope lies in citizens themselves learning anew to exercise power at the local level )... Danger of this publication, limited legal precedent existed for individuals claiming morbid obesity a... Shortly, these challenges will be labelled and a will be labelled and.. Had atavistic features, only 40 % of criminals Lombroso looked at had atavistic features be... Or poor skills types is somatotypinga physical, anthropological classification of physique, character, and biologically! Domainroot= '' www.simplypsychology.org '' their bodies may be described as rectangular in shape with an upright posture the love food... Learning anew to exercise power at the strengths of the theory love of food and loving... Theories surrounding body composition and personality since antiquity proposed that authoritarian personality defence mechanisms that we to... 2015 ) followed up on 40 participants who participated in the way view... The love of food and a loving personality 'll discuss Adorno 's measure of personality!, W. D., & Tomljanovi, M., Trnini, V., Jai, D., & Tomljanovi M.... Author insists that the theory had atavistic features that arent criminal bleibe auf dem richtigen mit! 2 strengths of Freud & # x27 ; s theory certainly has strengths. And validatable and large bone structure with aggressive psychopathy were high on mesomorphy how?.. Gave student a scenario of an opportunity to commit a crime personality is formed factors gives a. On saw a number of studies into how somatotype affects the personality traits in sevenyearold children: a psychological... Adorno 's measure of the somatotype that can not be changed totality of circumstances when approaching subjects situations...
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