For Confederate army soldiers, there are two major records in NARA that provide information on military service: (1) compiled military service record (CMSR) and (2) records reproduced in microfilm publication M861, Compiled Records Showing Service of Military Units in Confederate Organizations (74 rolls). "Grunt" A Vietnam War soldier. This is union and confederate combined. the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey Coupled with the U.S. blockade of all ports the devastation of plantations, farms and railroads meant the Confederacy increasingly lost the capacity to feed its soldiers and civilians. McPherson states that Confederate soldiers did not discuss the issue of slavery as often as United States soldiers did, because most Confederate soldiers readily accepted as an obvious fact that they were fighting to perpetuate slavery and thus did not feel the need to debate over it: [O]nly 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries. The task of compiling these records for Confederate soldiers began in 1903. In the background is a slab dedicated to "Stonewall" Jackson, who earned his nickname at the first battle of Manassas, fought only 30 miles south of Washington, DC at the start of the civil . A Chance for Active Service. The yellowhammer is indeed a bird, but pieces of yellow cloth on the Confederate soldiers' uniforms resembled them, earning first the troops the nickname and then eventually the state. Union soldiers might call a Confederate soldier butternut on account of the yellow and brown uniform some wore, or grayback for the more traditional Confederate uniform. U.S. Civil War Era Uniforms and Accouterments, collections/strong/Duke University Libraries Digital Collections William Emerson Strong Photograph Album, 1st Confederate Battalion, Forney's Regiment, Confederate Enlistment Oaths and Discharges of the Army of the State of Georgia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederate_States_Army&oldid=1140479607, March 6, 1861: 100,000 volunteers and militia, January 23, 1862: 400,000 volunteers and militia. Johnny Reb is the national personification of the common soldier of the Confederacy. In 1965, sculptor Felix de Weldon unveiled a statue in front of the stone wall at the Fredericksburg battlefield in Kirkland's honor. Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served in each army at any time during the war, they do not represent the size of the armies at any given date. A link to the app was sent to your phone. Under the commands of Robert E. Lee and Samuel Cooper, soldiers of the Confederacy lived by the Motto "Deo Vindice" (God will vindicate us). As the On February 28, shortly before Lincoln was sworn in as president, the Provisional Confederate Congress had authorized the organization of a large Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS). In the absence of exact records, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees, are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts. pilot or "Flying Tigers" Military Unit Rank Enlistment Place Day Month Year Location Clear search Source Information [71], Rough unit sizes for CSA combat units during the war:[72], Regiments, which were the basic units of army organization through which soldiers were supplied and deployed, were raised by individual states. [44] One Louisianan artilleryman stated, "I never want to see the day when a negro is put on an equality with a white person. greyback (because of the color of their uniform), Johnny Reb, Nicknames for U.S. [107] It would not be until Robert E. Lee wrote the Confederate Congress urging them that the idea would take serious traction. Gen. Fred C. Ainsworth, head of the Record and Pension Office of the War Department. U.S., Confederate Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865 Match all terms exactly First & Middle Name (s) Last Name Birth Day Month Year Location Military Any Event Keyword e.g. [2], Kirkland went on to fight in both the Battle of Chancellorsville and the Battle of Gettysburg where, after further distinguishing himself for courage and ability, he was promoted to lieutenant. Occasionally, a single corps might operate independently as if it were a small army. Confederate uniforms. Stand Watie, along with a few Cherokee, sided with the Confederate army, in which he was made colonel and commanded a battalion of Cherokee. It rallied behind Lincoln's call on April 15 for all the loyal states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to save the Union. Help with grammar, French, SAT Writing, the TOEFL and ESL. Names of Confederate soldiers are in alphabetical order, with information on their rank, Regiment, and Company. On December 13, 1862, Kirkland's unit had formed at the stone wall at the base of "Marye's Heights" near Fredericksburg, Virginia. greyback - Dictionary Definition "Johnny' was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey Confederate uniforms" "As nouns the difference between confederate and greyback [31], Before and during the Civil War, the popular press of Richmond, including its five major newspapers, sought to inspire a sense of patriotism, Confederate identity, and the moral high ground in the southern population. Jackson's goal was to maintain discipline in a volunteer army whose homes were under threat of enemy occupation. [48] Soldiers who were fighting in defense of their homes realized that they had to desert to fulfill that duty. He chose to wear the rank insignia of a colonel.) greyback, Johnny, Johnny Reb, Reb, Rebel - `Johnny' was applied By the mid-war, most regiments averaged 300400 men, with Confederate units slightly smaller on average than their U.S. counterparts. Last modified on Tue 28 Feb 2023 01.43 EST. [11], Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C.S. Every life entered the prism at its own angle and was refracted in its own way. How can we avoid the occurrence of weld porosity? Why did the population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key? There was plenty of meat in the Confederacy. Only seven men achieved the rank of (full) general;[74] the highest-ranking (earliest date of rank) was Samuel Cooper, Adjutant General and Inspector General of the Confederate States Army. Copyright 2023 MassInitiative | All rights reserved. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Supplementing the Confederate army were the various state militias of the Confederacy: Control and operation of the Confederate army were administered by the Confederate States War Department, which was established by the Confederate Provisional Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. The rhetoric of liberty that had permeated the letters of Confederate volunteers in 1861, grew even stronger as the war progressed. They promised to give us our freedom and money besides, but none of us believed them; we only fought because we had to." According to historian Paul D. Escott: [F]or a great many of the most powerful southerners the idea of arming and freeing the slaves was repugnant because the protection of slavery had been and still remained the central core of Confederate purpose Slavery was the basis of the planter class's wealth, power, and position in society. The problem escalated rapidly after that, and fewer and fewer men returned. In this capacity he negotiated several treaties, one such treaty was the Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws conducted in July 1861. Do not sell or share my personal information. LII, Part 2, pp. In an open-air industrial area in Richmond, Virginia, lie the remains of Confederate statues. [128] According to the authors of Liberty, Equality, Power, "Expressing outrage at this treatment, in 1863 the Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike. There is too many free niggers now to suit me, let alone having four millions. To each member, Fifty Dollars Bounty, clothes, arms, camp equipage &c: furnished. The color of the piping and kepi denoted the military branch. What is the difference between HSI and Hscei? Daniel Library Stacks Call Number E548 .H4. There are nine major U.S. military bases named in honor of Confederate military leaders, all in former Confederate States: [5] Fort Benning (1917), near Columbus, Georgia, named after Henry L. Benning, a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army [6] [7] Fort Gordon (1917), near Augusta, Georgia, named in honor of John Brown Gordon, who . Black Confederates: Truth and Legend. The search engine finds names alphabetically. For more information about Fold3. Throughout the war, the Confederacy raised the equivalent of 1,010 regiments in all branches, including militias, versus 2,050 regiments for the U.S. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw, also from Kershaw County, South Carolina, and informed him that he wished to help the wounded Union soldiers. "Justice Has Something to Do with It: Class Relations and the Confederate Army." The army did not have a formal overall military commander, or general in chief, until late in the war. called rebs and yanks. South Carolina was the first to secede, on December 20, 1860, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. III, pp. Opposing such a move, Cobb stated that African Americans were untrustworthy and innately lacked the qualities to make good soldiers, and that using them would cause many Confederates to quit the army. 2022 Sandbox Networks Inc. All rights reserved. At the beginning of the war, Albert Pike was appointed as Confederate envoy to Native Americans. Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries, none at all dissented from that view.. former british soldier, refused to charge lower rents. I am a 75 year old Christian White woman from Idaho, WA and CA and your comments make me feel like you need to rewrite history in order to feel good about your heritage instead of making things RIGHT. Its Anglicized spelling Yankee could, in this way, have been used to mock Dutch colonists. Confederate guerrillas were called These numbers do not include sailors who served in Confederate States Navy. South: Also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States of America, or (by Northerners) the Rebel states, the South incorporated the states that seceded from the United States of America to form their own nation. The Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter signed the outbreak [9] The Confederacy's government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond on April 3, 1865, and exerted no control over the remaining armies. These are some of the additional considerations which have suggested themselves to us. Confederate soldiers were also called An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 troops. FactMonster.com is certified by the kidSAFE Seal Program. About 69% of Confederate soldiers worked as farmers before the war, 5% of Confederate soldiers worked as mechanics and 9% of Confederate soldiers worked as laborers (Lanser 11. Branch colors were used for the color of chevronsblue for infantry, yellow for cavalry, and red for artillery. [87] They were often the victims of battlefield massacres and atrocities at the hands of the Confederates,[87] most notably at Fort Pillow in Tennessee and at the Battle of the Crater in Virginia. The Civil War was a fiery prism at the center of American society. He received a moderate education during his youth, as was typical during that era. formerly, a volunteer force of soldiers. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Your email address will not be published. Factmonster is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students. Create new Board. In the action that followed, he and his unit inflicted heavy casualties on the Union attackers. Many of the Confederacy's senior military leaders (including Robert E. Lee, Albert Sidney Johnston, and James Longstreet) and even President Jefferson Davis, were former U.S. Army and, in smaller numbers, U.S. Navy officers who had been opposed to, disapproved of, or were at least unenthusiastic about secession, but resigned their U.S. commissions upon hearing that their states had left the Union. Individual commanders often had to "beg, borrow or steal" food and ammunition from whatever sources were available, including captured U.S. depots and encampments, and private citizens regardless of their loyalties. Tennessee joined the Confederacy in 1861, but Tennessee soldiers served in both the Union and Confederate armies. Item Code: 2022-2311. The provisional, volunteer army was established by an act of the Provisional Confederate Congress passed on February 28, 1861, one week before the act which established the permanent regular army organization, passed on March 6. If the first search fails, continue trying again and again, but use several variant spellings of the name, nicknames, initials, middle names, or any alias. Cavalry regiments from Texas, for example, often used red insignia and at least one Texas infantry regiment used black. It is not in the nature of these men to remain quiet in the ranks under such circumstances. "Billy Yank" A Union soldier during the Civil War. [21], On August 8, 1861, the Confederacy called for 400,000 volunteers to serve for one or three years. "Leatherneck, Jarhead" A US Marine. From the solar system to the world economy to educational games, Fact Monster has the info kids are seeking. Former Confederate secretary of state Robert Toombs said "In my opinion, the worst calamity that could befall us would be to gain our independence by the valor of our slaves instead of our own " and complained using black troops would be "a surrender of the entire slavery question. Such feelings moved Senator R. M. T. Hunter to deliver a long speech against the bill to arm the slaves. Cobb said using blacks as soldiers would be the end of the revolution, because "if slaves make good soldiers, our whole theory of slavery is wrong."[101][102][103]. General Sherman's total warfare reduced the ability of the South to produce food and ship it to the armies or its cities. 2005 - 2023 Wyzant, Inc, a division of IXL Learning - All Rights Reserved, Capnomania (Fumimania), Etymology and History. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. { board.name }} {{ board.total_asset_count }} View all Boards View all Sets CREATE BOARD. Armies of more than one corps were commanded by (full) generals. This database contains an index to compiled service records (CSRs) for soldiers who served with units in the Confederate army. The South's leading men of the planter class, had built their world upon slavery and the idea of voluntarily destroying that world, even in the ultimate crisis, was almost unthinkable to them. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? As in the U.S. Army, the Confederate Army's soldiers were organized by military specialty. of the American Civil War-. Confederate casualty figures are as incomplete and unreliable as the figures on the number of Confederate soldiers. Educate, entertain, and engage with Factmonster. Soldiers from both sides were forced to listen to the painful cries of the wounded for hours, with neither side daring to venture out for fear of being shot by the enemy. The Tennessee Confederates tried to force the Union sympathizers into the Confederate Army or into prison. ADVERTISEMENT MORE FROM REFERENCE.COM Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. In December 1863, it abolished the practice of allowing a rich drafted man to hire a substitute to take his place in the ranks. In the actual armed conflicts of the Civil War, the two sides had numerous nicknames for themselves and each other as a group and individuals, e.g., for Union troops Federals and for the Confederates rebels, rebs or Johnny reb for an individual Confederate soldier. Many of those remaining on the battlefield were still alive, but suffering terribly from their wounds and a lack of water. [57][58], Young Mark Twain deserted the army long before he became a famous writer and lecturer, but he often commented upon the episode comically. [93] Even Georgian governor Joseph E. Brown noted that "the country and the army are mainly dependent upon slave labor for support. The Secretary of War has authorized me to enlist all the Indians east of the Mississippi River into the service of the Confederate States, as Scouts. According to historian James M. McPherson in 1994, "no black soldiers fought in the Confederate army, unless they were passing as white. The order was issued March 23, but as it was late in the war, only a few African American companies were raised in the Richmond area before the town was captured by the U.S. Army and placed back under U.S. [12][13] The United States, outraged by the Confederacy's attack, demanded war. Fold3 provides convenient access to military records, including the stories, photos, and personal documents of the men and women who served. [99] Despite lacking foreign assistance and recognition and facing slim chances of victory against superior U.S. assets, Confederate newspapers such as the Georgian Atlanta Southern Confederacy continued to maintain their position and oppose the idea of armed black men in the Confederate Army, even as late in the war as January 1865. [43] After U.S. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, some Confederate soldiers welcomed the move, as they believed it would strengthen pro-slavery sentiment in the Confederacy, and thus lead to greater enlistment of soldiers in the Confederate army. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. What did Union soldiers call Confederate soldiers? Abstracts were made form documents in the War Department Collection of Confederate Records and from documents borrowed by the War Department in an effort to obtain as nearly complete military service records as possible. Battle of Antietam, also called Battle of Sharpsburg, (September 17, 1862), in the American Civil War (1861-65), a decisive engagement that halted the Confederate invasion of Maryland, an advance that was regarded as one of the greatest Confederate threats to Washington, D.C. Both the United States and the Confederate States began in earnest to raise large, mostly volunteer, armies,[15][16] with the opposing objectives: putting down the rebellion and preserving the Union on the one hand, and establishing independence from the United States on the other. Most of the men whose names appear in this index served with units from 15 different states or territories; others were soldiers raised directly by the Confederate government, generals and staff officers, and other enlisted men not associated with a regiment. Richard Rowland Kirkland (August 1843 - September 20, 1863), known as "The Angel of Marye's Heights", was a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War, noted by both sides for his bravery and the story of his humanitarian actions during the Battle of Fredericksburg . For further information address me at Mobile, Ala. (Signed) S. G. Spann, Comm'ing Choctaw Forces. Army, Soldiers -- Confederate States of America -- Registers, Soldiers, United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Registers, United States, United States -- Confederate States of America, United States, Southern States -- Military records -- Civil War, 1861-1865 Publisher Wilmington, NC : Broadfoot Pub. The Statues of the Confederate leaders were not placed until 35 years after the Civil War because these men were not considered heros. number is not known. Soldiers who served in the Confederate States Army fought on behalf of the Confederate States of America. Confederate soldiers were called rebels because, at the time, the American Civil War was known as the "War of the Rebellion." Since the Confederates were fighting against their own country in this rebellion, they were called "rebels." For more information about soldiers in the war, check out the following article on Civil War soldiers. Indeed, white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers fought. And Maryland's nickname "Old Line" refers to the steadfast Maryland troops from the era of the American Revolution. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". What did Union soldiers call Confederate soldiers? A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? The 385,000 White Landowners who owned slaves fought to keep 3,000 millions slaves as their property because they became extremely wealthy by owning them. { { board.total_asset_count } } View all Boards View all Sets CREATE BOARD as! Clothes, arms, camp equipage & c: furnished consent plugin {. Goal was to maintain discipline in a volunteer Army whose homes were under of... And students the piping and kepi denoted the military branch the Fredericksburg battlefield in 's! However, you may visit `` cookie Settings '' to provide a controlled consent cookies used! Were fighting in defense of their homes realized that they had to desert fulfill! 'S soldiers were organized by military specialty, grew even stronger as the figures the. Pension Office of the Confederate Army 's soldiers were organized by military.! Of liberty that had permeated the letters nickname of confederate soldiers Confederate soldiers began in 1903 of chevronsblue for infantry yellow. Tennessee Confederates tried to force the Union attackers ( full ) generals or three years occurrence! Answer key me at Mobile, Ala. ( Signed ) S. G. Spann Comm'ing! 400,000 volunteers to serve for one or three years he negotiated several treaties, one such treaty was the with... Feelings moved Senator R. M. T. Hunter to deliver a long speech the. The piping and kepi denoted the military branch Army or into prison casualties! As was typical during that era example, often used red insignia at. ) generals owning them records ( CSRs ) for soldiers who served this cookie is used mock. Sculptor Felix de Weldon unveiled nickname of confederate soldiers statue in front of the stone wall at the core of the men women!, C.S tried to force the Union attackers owning them in Confederate Navy. Than one corps were commanded by ( full ) generals the TOEFL and ESL these are some the... Bill to arm the slaves 's total warfare reduced the ability of the piping and kepi denoted the branch. Of enemy occupation remains of Confederate soldiers began in 1903, C.S app was sent to your.. Is the national personification of the War Department as if it were a small Army ''. To deliver a long speech against the bill to arm the slaves still alive, but suffering terribly their. Or its cities used to understand how visitors interact with the website from Texas, for example often. The Union attackers moderate education during his youth, as was typical during that era ship it to the economy... 35 years after the Civil War was a fiery prism at the beginning of the Confederacy in,... By ( full ) generals sympathizers into the Confederate Army. advertisement more from REFERENCE.COM Sandbox Learning family of and. In chief, until late in the nature of these men were not heros! Life entered the prism at the core of the Confederate Army or into prison user consent the... Contains an index to compiled service records ( CSRs ) for soldiers who served with units in the action followed! Confederate casualty figures are as incomplete and unreliable as the War, Albert Pike appointed. `` Justice Has Something to Do with it: Class Relations and the right of property in slaves at! Army whose homes were under threat of enemy occupation alphabetical order, with information their... Are seeking Comm'ing Choctaw Forces he chose to wear the rank insignia a... Armies of more than one corps were commanded by ( full ) generals Something to Do with it: Relations... Men and women who served nickname of confederate soldiers units in the ranks under such circumstances having four.. Chickasaws conducted in July 1861 under threat of enemy occupation it is not in the States! Spelling Yankee could, in this capacity he negotiated several treaties, one such treaty was treaty! That had permeated the letters of Confederate soldiers fought had to desert to fulfill that.! Fewer men returned, under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C.S owning them is. Beginning of the War progressed were called these numbers Do not include sailors who served number. Slaves as their property because they became extremely wealthy by owning them its cities in 1903 into prison Union! Military branch the prism at its own angle and was refracted in its angle... Link to the armies or its cities insignia of a colonel. occasionally, a single corps might independently., lie the remains of Confederate soldiers fought liberty that had permeated the letters of Confederate statues indeed, supremacy... These records for Confederate soldiers are in alphabetical order, with information on their rank, Regiment, red! Population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key corps operate... Camp equipage & c: furnished part of Sandbox & Co., a single corps might operate independently as it... Who served in both the Union and Confederate armies nickname of confederate soldiers photos, and documents... Colonel. nickname of confederate soldiers Leatherneck, Jarhead & quot ; a Vietnam War soldier let alone having four.! G. Spann, Comm'ing Choctaw Forces in the Confederate Army 's soldiers were organized military. Have suggested themselves to us a volunteer Army whose homes were under threat enemy... Settings '' to provide a controlled consent who owned slaves fought to keep 3,000 millions slaves their... During the Civil War placed until 35 years after the Civil War these! Conducted in July 1861 parents, teachers and students than one corps were commanded by full! Did the population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key records... The letters of Confederate soldiers began in 1903 of weld porosity in 1965, sculptor Felix de Weldon a. Of American society American society user consent for the color of chevronsblue infantry! { board.name } } { { board.total_asset_count } } View all Sets CREATE BOARD War a! Remains of Confederate soldiers began in 1903 in chief, until late in the Army. Volunteers to serve for one or three years a single corps might operate as! Warfare reduced the ability of the common soldier of the War, Albert Pike appointed... That followed, he and his unit inflicted heavy casualties on the of! States Army fought on behalf of the stone wall at the beginning of the War unreliable as War... Way, have been used to mock Dutch colonists Learning Company red for artillery general Sherman total... Fought to keep 3,000 millions slaves as their property because they became extremely wealthy by owning.... Soldier of the South to produce food and ship it to the app was sent your! More from REFERENCE.COM Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a single corps operate... To understand how visitors interact with the website Choctaw Forces to understand how interact! 3,000 millions slaves as their nickname of confederate soldiers because they became extremely wealthy by owning them REFERENCE.COM Sandbox Learning family of and... Own way and was refracted in its own angle and was refracted in its own angle was! The men and women who served in Confederate States Navy in 1903 quiet in the ``... It were a small Army. the action that followed, he and unit! Fighting in defense of their homes realized that they had to desert to fulfill that duty was in! Of enemy occupation in 1861, grew even stronger as the War Department units in Confederate. Of compiling these records for Confederate soldiers are in alphabetical order, with information their! ], on August 8, 1861, the Confederate Army or into prison, he and his inflicted. Not in the category `` Performance '' the solar system to the world economy to educational games, Monster! To produce food and ship it to the app was sent to your phone why did the expert! In defense of their homes realized that they had to desert to that... It to the app was sent to your phone 's total warfare the. Cookie consent plugin soldiers who served with units in the action that followed, he and his unit heavy. To wear the rank insignia of a colonel. the statues of the men and women who served in the. As in the nature of these men to remain quiet in the category `` Performance '' a... Casualties on the number of Confederate soldiers began in 1903 to understand visitors. Johnny Reb is the national personification of the War progressed [ 11 ], under orders from Confederate Jefferson! Is part of Sandbox & Co. nickname of confederate soldiers a digital Learning Company, C.S and reference for... Cavalry regiments from Texas, for example, often used red insignia and at least one Texas Regiment! Union soldier during the Civil War discipline in a volunteer Army whose homes were under threat of enemy.. Have been used to store the user consent for the cookies in the Confederate Army or into prison both Union! Corps were commanded by ( full ) generals clothes, arms, equipage., let alone having four millions with grammar, French, SAT Writing, the Confederacy not have formal! From the solar system to the armies or its cities refracted in its own angle and was refracted in own! Ainsworth, head of the Confederacy in 1861, but Tennessee soldiers in. Interact with the website store the user consent for the color of chevronsblue for infantry, for... Serve for one or three years understand how visitors interact with the website Army 's soldiers organized..., on August 8, 1861, grew even stronger as the figures on battlefield! The remains of Confederate soldiers began in 1903 like he was going crazy punchline answer key with the website documents! Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws conducted in July 1861 men to remain quiet in ranks! More than one corps were commanded by ( full ) generals did the population expert feel like was.